RT Journal Article
A1 Aks, Deborah
A1 Haladjian, Harry
A1 Pylyshyn, Zenon
A1 Hakkinen, Alexander
T1 Eye-blinks and tracking
JF Journal of Vision
JO Journal of Vision
YR 2009
DO 10.1167/9.8.249
VO 9
IS 8
SP 249
OP 249
SN 1534-7362
AB  Visual Indexing Theory proposes a referential mechanism that tracks objects in a visual scene without necessarily encoding object properties, as demonstrated through Multiple Object Tracking experiments. The encoding of location information during object tracking, however, remains a possible exception. In the current studies, we tracked eye movements during a standard MOT task and employed a blink-contingent methodology in which objects stopped moving or disappeared during eye-blinks. Because this halting is synchronized with eye-blinks, we were able to examine natural, intrinsically generated disruptions of the visual scene without inadvertently cuing the object change. Experiment 1 examined the effect of changes in object motion that occurred during spontaneous eye-blinks. Subjects performed a standard MOT task (4 targets, 8 non-targets). In half the trials, the objects halted for the duration of all blinks; these trials were randomized among trials where objects continued their movement. The results indicate that a blink-contingent halting of objects produces fewer tracking errors, but this effect diminishes with practice. Also, fewer fixations were correlated with better tracking performance in the last block. Experiment 2 tested for location-encoding during MOT when objects disappeared during more natural interruptions (instead of occlusions or abrupt disappearances). We replicated the main features of Keane & Pylyshyn (2006) except we replaced occlusions with blink-contingent disappearances. We used a simple sound to signal subjects to blink once during each trial. This voluntary blink induced a change in object motion (halting or continuing along trajectories) and disappearance (150, 300, 450, or 900 ms). The results revealed superior tracking performance in the halt conditions, with lower performance as disappearance duration increased in both conditions. Overall, our results suggest that location information and trajectory extrapolation are not crucial for tracking. When abrupt changes in a scene are visually detected, the most recently sampled location may be retrieved. 
RD 4/4/2020
UL https://doi.org/10.1167/9.8.249