Although form and motion are often considered independent, there are clear interactions between them (Burr,
2004). Visual motion can affect perceived position of stimuli in a variety of ways. For example, in the flash-lag effect (Nijhawan,
2002), a flashed object is perceived to lag behind a moving stimulus when both are presented at the same position. Whereas saccades executed to the perceived position of the flash in the flash-lag paradigm are veridical, landing positions of saccades performed to the moving object are offset in the direction of motion (Becker, Ansorge, & Turatto,
2009; de Sperati & Baud-Bovy,
2008). Interestingly, when the whole background was flashed, rather than single, punctate objects, saccades to the moving object were accurate. Another example of motion influencing perceived position is that a stationary window filled with moving texture is perceived shifted in the direction of its illusory motion (De Valois & De Valois,
1991; Ramachandran & Anstis,
1990). The change in the perceived position affects both contour-element binding (Hayes,
2000) and crowding (Maus, Fischer, & Whitney,
2011). Yamagishi, Anderson, and Ashida (
2001) compared stimulus localization in the presence of stimulus motion for a perceptual judgment and a visuomotor task. However, for immediate responses, they found greater errors in the visuomotor task than in the perceptual task. On reexamination of these effects, Kerzel and Gegenfurtner (
2005) demonstrated that depending on the kind of motion and probe stimuli used, differences between action and perception could be replicated, reversed, or abolished.