Frequency factors are often log-transformed before analyses, for the purpose of reducing the weight of high-frequency items. Here, frequency factors were only log-transformed when doing so increased stability of results across analyses (i.e., showed fewer changes when entering or removing other factors) and/or decreased individual variability.
Word frequency statistics included several factors: (a) lexical frequency (M = 1,243 per million; SD = 3,788; min. < 1; max. = 38,929; power law: R2 = 90.5%; exponent = −2.34), (b) cumulative word frequency, i.e., lexical frequency summed across words with the same lemma (M = 1,833 per million; SD = 4,370; min. < 1, max. = 38,929; power law: R2 = 86.7%; exponent = −2.30), (c) number of homographs, i.e., other words with same spelling as target (M = 1,688; SD = 0,827; max. = 5), (d) number of homophones, i.e., other words with same pronunciation as the target (M = 5,038; SD = 3,628; max. = 24), (e) orthographic neighbor frequency, i.e., summed frequency of other words with the same number of letters as the target that differ by a single letter (M = 4,974; SD = 5,254; max. = 25), and (f) phonological neighbor frequency, i.e., summed frequency of other words with the same number of graphemes as the target that differ by a single grapheme (M = 25,052; SD = 32,458; max = 127).