December 2009
Volume 9, Issue 14
Free
OSA Fall Vision Meeting Abstract  |   December 2009
Two S-cone pathways in the visual system that are evolutionarily conserved between rodents and primates
Author Affiliations
  • Andy Salzwedel
    Medical College of Wisconsin
  • Matt Mauck
    Medical College of Wisconsin
  • Jim Kuchenbecker
    Medical College of Wisconsin
  • Katherine Mancuso
    Medical College of Wisconsin
  • Melissa Wagner
    Medical College of Wisconsin
  • Chris Pawela
    Medical College of Wisconsin
  • Anthony Hudetz
    Medical College of Wisconsin
  • James Hyde
    Medical College of Wisconsin
  • Maureen Neitz
    Medical College of Wisconsin
  • Jay Neitz
    Medical College of Wisconsin
Journal of Vision December 2009, Vol.9, 75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/9.14.75
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      Andy Salzwedel, Matt Mauck, Jim Kuchenbecker, Katherine Mancuso, Melissa Wagner, Chris Pawela, Anthony Hudetz, James Hyde, Maureen Neitz, Jay Neitz; Two S-cone pathways in the visual system that are evolutionarily conserved between rodents and primates. Journal of Vision 2009;9(14):75. https://doi.org/10.1167/9.14.75.

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      © ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)

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Abstract

In a comparative study, the neural circuit underlying blue-yellow color vision was investigated in rats (Rattus norvegicus) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) using ultrahigh resolution (9.4T) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Molecular genetic evidence indicates that S-cone pathways are evolutionarily ancient. This predicts that all mammals with S-cones would share evolutionarily conserved neural circuits for comparing the output of two spectrally distinct photoreceptors. In this study, we explored the properties of the S-cone pathways using S-cone isolating stimuli in animals with and without blockade of ON-pathways by intravitreal injections of the agonist of metabotropic glutamate receptors, 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (AP4) to specifically interrupt input to S-cone ON-bipolar cells. Light from arrays of colored LEDs was delivered via fiber optic bundles to produce binocular stimulation. Regions analyzed in the functional images included the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), pregeniculate/ventral LGN, pretectal areas, superior colliculus and the visual cortex. Standard theory attributes S-cone mediated detection, discrimination and the perception of blueness to activity in the small bistratified ganglion cell/koniocellular pathway. However, when S-cone input to this pathway was blocked, both species continued to show robust cortical activation to S-cone isolating stimuli. We conclude from this that the small bistratified cell/koniocellular pathway is not responsible for excitatory aspects of S-cone vision but rather has an important inhibitory role at the level of the cortex. The results indicate that the sensation of blueness is mediated by OFF pathways that are evolutionarily conserved across rats and monkeys. Based on known circuitry, the best candidate for generating these OFF responses is horizontal cell feedback from S-cones onto neighboring M/L-cones.

Salzwedel, A. Mauck, M. Kuchenbecker, J. Mancuso, K. Wagner, M. Pawela, C. Hudetz, A. Hyde, J. Neitz, M. Neitz, J. (2009). Two S-cone pathways in the visual system that are evolutionarily conserved between rodents and primates [Abstract]. Journal of Vision, 9(14):75, 75a, http://journalofvision.org/9/14/75/, doi:10.1167/9.14.75. [CrossRef]
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