Pooling models propose that stimuli are first analyzed by basic feature detectors, e.g., neurons in primary visual cortex V1, which then project to more complex feature detectors, e.g., neurons in higher visual areas with larger receptive fields (Freeman & Simoncelli,
2011; Levi,
2008; Parkes, Lund, Angelucci, Solomon, & Morgan,
2001; Pelli et al.,
2004; Wilkinson, Wilson, & Ellemberg,
1997). Basic detectors signal the presence of the target (hence, target detection is not impaired). At the integration stage, feature location is lost since, for example, receptive fields are large and features are jumbled (Greenwood, Bex, & Dakin,
2009; Pelli et al.,
2004) or inappropriate representations of image statistics are acquired due to saccade programming (Nandy & Tjan,
2012). In foveal vision, often lateral inhibition is proposed as a mechanism of interference by flankers (Westheimer & Hauske,
1975).