Several researchers have investigated how gaze can be used to impact
learning. Specifically, can the visualization of expert gaze be used to teach search strategies or visual tasks to learners? This method is called Eye Movement Modeling Examples (EMME; van Gog & Jarodzka,
2013). The results of EMMEs are mixed, but mostly positive when the learning task is a complex visual task (Jarodzka et al.,
2012; Jarodzka, van Gog, Dorr, Scheiter, & Gerjets,
2013; Mason, Pluchino, & Tornatora,
2015,
2016; Mehta, Sadasivan, Greenstein, Gramopadhye, & Duchowski,
2005; Nalanagula, Greenstein, & Gramopadhye,
2006; Sadasivan, Greenstein, Gramopadhye, & Duchowski,
2005). In learning procedural problem-solving tasks that are less visually complex, EMMEs failed to improve performance (Van Gog, Jarodzka, Scheiter, Gerjets, & Paas,
2009; van Marlen, van Wermeskerken, Jarodzka, & van Gog,
2016), but observers learning complex visual tasks benefitted from EMME's.