Abstract
Mean color matching functions, averaged across a number of observers, such as the CIE 1931 and 1964 Standard Colorimetric Observers, have proven very useful in a wide range of colorimetric applications. However, they are less useful for describing the color matching responses of individual observers. In 2006, CIE TC1-36 published a physiologically-based mathematical model of mean color matching functions with dependency on age and field size. The CIE 2006 model is immensely helpful in beginning to quantify individual differences in color vision, but does not go far enough. It does not predict individual differences for any given age or field size. The CIE 2006 model was recently extended with a physiological model of color vision and observed variances in the components of color matching functions (lens, macula, cones). This presentation describes formulation of the individual observer model and its application in practical colorimetry of means and covariances. Additionally, individual differences in chromatic adaptation are seldom explored due to the inherent imprecision of corresponding-colors determinations. some recent experiments to measure corresponding colors with high precision have revealed interesting individual differences and could potentially lead to improved chromatic adaptation models. Both of these topics, along with their impact on measures of illumination color rendering will be discussed.