Previous studies have demonstrated humans' predictive ability when viewing the actions of others. For simple reaching actions, typical viewers have been shown to be able to predict the location of a movement's target before the movement was completed (Louis-Dam, Orliaguet, & Coello,
1999; Martel, Bidet-Ildei, & Coello,
2010; Pesquita, Chapman, & Enns,
2016; Vaziri-Pashkam, Cormiea, & Nakayama,
2017), and eye movements have been shown to follow the predicted direction of movement (Ambrosini, Pezzulo, & Costantini,
2015; Elsner, Falck-Ytter, & Gredebäck,
2012; Flanagan & Johansson,
2003; Flanagan, Rotman, Reichelt, & Johansson,
2013; Rotman, Troje, Johansson, & Flanagan,
2006). In more complex interactions such as competitive sports, it has been shown that humans and especially expert athletes can predict the consequence of actions in the physical world (Abernethy, Gill, Parks, & Packer,
2001; Abernethy & Zawi,
2007; Aglioti, Cesari, Romani, & Urgesi,
2008; Diaz, Fajen, & Phillips,
2012; Knoblich & Flach,
2001; Muller, Abernathy, & Farrow,
2006; Ranganathan & Carlton,
2007); for example, they can predict the direction of a soccer ball after viewing a videoclip (Diaz et al.,
2012). Further, it has been suggested that the information enabling action prediction arises from kinematic features of the movement (Cavallo, Koul, Ansuini, Capozzi, & Becchio,
2016).