Abstract
It is becoming widely appreciated that higher stimulus sensitivity trivially increases estimates of metacognitive sensitivity (the correspondence between confidence and performance). Therefore, meaningful comparisons of metacognitive ability across conditions and observers necessitates equating stimulus sensitivity. To achieve this, one common approach is to use a continuous staircase that runs throughout the duration of the experiment under the assumption that this procedure has no influence on the estimated metacognitive ability. Here we critically examine this assumption. Using previously published data, we find that, compared to using a single level of stimulus contrast, staircase techniques lead to inflated estimates of metacognitive ability across a wide variety of measures including area under the type 2 ROC curve (F(2,30) = 8.66, p = .0005), the confidence-accuracy correlation phi (F(2,30) = 8.38, p = .0006), meta-d’ (F(2,30) = 9.68, p = .0002), Mratio (F(2,30) = 8.45, p = .0006), and Mdiff (F(2,30) = 9.61, p = .0002). Further, this metacognitive inflation correlates with the degree of stimulus variability experienced by each subject (this correlation was significant for each of the five measures above). Finally, we show that the degree of stimulus variability in a staircase procedure may itself be driven by individual differences in metacognitive ability. These results suggest that studies using a staircase approach are likely to report inflated estimates of metacognitive ability. Further, we argue that similar inflation likely occurs in the presence of variability in task difficulty caused by other factors such as fluctuations in alertness or gradual improvement on the task. We offer practical solutions to these issues, both in the design and analysis of metacognition experiments.